{"id":6590,"date":"2021-03-02T20:10:16","date_gmt":"2021-03-02T19:10:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/?p=6590"},"modified":"2021-06-30T12:15:29","modified_gmt":"2021-06-30T10:15:29","slug":"algerie-maroc-si-le-hirak-metait-conte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/after-the-revolution-now-what-s2\/algeria-morocco-once-upon-a-hirak\/","title":{"rendered":"Algeria, Morocco: Once upon a Hirak"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"vce-row-container\"><div class=\"vce-row vce-row--col-gap-30 vce-row-columns--top vce-row-content--top\" data-vce-full-width=\"true\" data-vce-stretch-content=\"true\" id=\"el-a63e3aa5\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-a63e3aa5\"><div class=\"vce-content-background-container\"><\/div><div class=\"vce-row-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\"><div class=\"vce-col vce-col--md-18-81p vce-col--xs-1 vce-col--xs-last vce-col--xs-first vce-col--sm-last vce-col--sm-first vce-col--md-first vce-col--lg-first vce-col--xl-first\" id=\"el-871258b3\"><div class=\"vce-col-inner\" data-vce-do-apply=\"border margin background  el-871258b3\"><div class=\"vce-content-background-container\"><\/div><div class=\"vce-col-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\" data-vce-do-apply=\"padding el-871258b3\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce-col vce-col--md-64-49p vce-col--xs-1 vce-col--xs-last vce-col--xs-first vce-col--sm-last vce-col--sm-first\" id=\"el-bfc199f1\"><div class=\"vce-col-inner\" data-vce-do-apply=\"border margin background  el-bfc199f1\"><div class=\"vce-col-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\" data-vce-do-apply=\"padding el-bfc199f1\"><div class=\"vce-row-container\" data-vce-boxed-width=\"true\"><div class=\"vce-row vce-row--col-gap-30 podcast-link vce-row-columns--top vce-row-content--top\" id=\"el-bff26290\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-bff26290\"><div class=\"vce-row-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\"><div class=\"vce-col vce-col--md-auto vce-col--xs-1 vce-col--xs-last vce-col--xs-first vce-col--sm-last vce-col--sm-first vce-col--md-last vce-col--lg-last vce-col--xl-last vce-col--md-first vce-col--lg-first vce-col--xl-first\" id=\"el-0294e0f4\"><div class=\"vce-col-inner\" data-vce-do-apply=\"border margin background  el-0294e0f4\"><div class=\"vce-col-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\" data-vce-do-apply=\"padding el-0294e0f4\"><div class=\"vce-text-block\"><div class=\"vce-text-block-wrapper vce\" id=\"el-fb24da51\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-fb24da51\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Listen to our podcast on your favorite streaming platform :<\/h2><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce-single-image-container spotify-icon vce-single-image--align-center\"><div class=\"vce vce-single-image-wrapper\" id=\"el-c8f5e4ee\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-c8f5e4ee\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/episode\/5qM3ssH9oV2s1WXJldh0T2?si=6r85GPnuRSS7pWtt5Waw0Q\" title=\"Ecouter le podcast sur Spotify\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"vce-single-image-inner vce-single-image--absolute\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; 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width:100%; height:220px\" src=\"https:\/\/player.ausha.co\/index.html?showId=yJjeJSgegGeA&amp;color=%23F08080&amp;dark=true&amp;multishow=true&amp;podcastId=b5e3pUDzWl0b&amp;v=3&amp;playerId=ausha-gn7h\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/player.ausha.co\/ausha-player.js\"><\/script><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce-text-block\"><div class=\"vce-text-block-wrapper vce\" id=\"el-630ff1ae\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-630ff1ae\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p><p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak <\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in Arabic, \u201cmovement\u201d<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in English. This is how we designated the popular protests in Morocco in 2016, and in Algeria in 2019. Although the two movements share the same name, their realities are different.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Morocco, the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> began with the sit-ins of May 8 2016, and came to a boil with the death of a fish merchant in October 2016, who was crushed in a dumpster while trying to reclaim his merchandise, thrown away by law enforcement. The ensuing protests lasted more than 6 months.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Algeria, a crowd of peaceful protesters took to the streets for over a year to demand the departure of President Bouteflika, and once obtained, the establishment of a second republic without the former dignitaries of the regime. The rallies in the Algerian streets have currently stopped due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, however, is far from over.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At a time when assessments of the Arab revolutions of 2011 are being drawn one after the other, we felt it necessary to look back at these more recent and often overlooked movements.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalist at Radio M and Maghreb Emergent, Lynda Abou tells us about the birth of the Algerian <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, from the historic demonstration in Algiers on February 22 to the current situation related to the health crisis. It all started with a letter distributed throughout the country to the younger generation (02:00).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"We are living a love story with Algeria.\" Samia Manel, Algerian singer and slammer, shares how, through the Hirak, she reconnected with her country, now the muse of her art. (19:34)&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, Dr. Aziz Ghali, president of the Moroccan Association for Human Rights (AMDH), talks about the situation in Morocco, the women of the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the coca-colas and bottled water in the streets, solidarity among Algerians, and the ongoing struggle for freedom of expression (32:43). With Eva Tapiero and Hajar Chokairi.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Lynda Abou: \"I was afraid that it would end up like the Arouch movement in 2001 or the 88 October protests did.\"&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lynda Abou has always lived in Algiers. She is a journalist and works for Radio M and Maghreb Emergent. Seven years after the Arab Spring, when the wind of rebellion rose once more in Algeria, she attended the protests one after&nbsp; another, covering them from the forefront of the movement.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Late 2018, the tension is high around President Bouteflika's impending 5th term. In October, a few young people including Lynda and some senior journalists met at a book fair and came together in the hope of taking action against a silenced freedom of speech and&nbsp; deeply embedded political corruption. In late January 2019, a letter was sent all over the country to younger generations, calling on them&nbsp; to take an interest in politics. Slowly, the marches and rallies began, culminating in their final point: Algiers. This protest on February 22 left a substantial mark on people\u2019s minds and rekindled the flame of a long-buried anger.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">February 22, 2019, people were on the watch on social networks. In the morning, a small group of women went out into the streets, before being immediately arrested. \u201cWe thought that would be it. Little did we know that after 2 pm, at the end of the Friday prayer, it would blow up and millions of Algerian people would be in the streets of Algiers.\u201d Although the young woman observed the gathering from afar on social media, she is still caught up in the emotion of that historical day.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She joined the movement on February 24, rallying after the call launched by the Mouwatana, a political movement opposing the fifth term of Bouteflika. Meet-up spot at Place Audin, 12 pm. Less than forty people showed up earlier than 11 am. From the balcony of her office, overlooking the square , Lynda and her colleagues could see some journalists, familiar faces, and a few notable figures present to show their adherence to the movement. Everyone was waiting for a signal and for instructions, and discussing the events of February 22, without really knowing what to expect. Still under the emotion of that day, the crowd began to march around 11 am, ahead of time, agitated and feverish. Soon security intervened to crack down on the crowd. Police officers fired tear gas, the movement\u2019s figureheads and even some journalists were arrested. No one ever anticipated that these images of repression would become the spark that would ignite a wave of mobilization across the country.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12 pm, an hour had passed. When everyone thought that the protest was over, an echo of voices was heard in the distance. As the police chief pointed to the adjacent street, authorities rushed towards it. Facing them: a stream of millions of Algerians, shouting with the same voice and chanting a single slogan in unison on Didouche-Mourad street, which later became a symbolic street for the Algerian <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Lynda still remembers the shivers she felt in&nbsp; that moment. Suddenly, the situation shifted, the number of protesters exceeded that of the security forces.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that Sunday, corporations multiplied their calls for protest, and students, lawyers and journalists began to join the movement. From that day on, Lynda began to cover all the protests, one after another, including the first Friday after the marches were suspended, on March 20, 2020, due to the health crisis. A coverage of the empty streets of Algiers.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seeing Algerian people standing up for their rights was an immense joy for Lynda, who had held that hope for many years. With the fall of Bouteflika, she feared that the movement would die down without uprooting the corrupted system itself. She feared that it would fade away like the Arouch movement of 2001 or the 1988 October riots. \u201cThere were a lot of injuries, arrests and deaths in 1988, so we always had this fear lying underneath, but then I saw it was a very large mobilization that became difficult to repress.\u201d The movement was amplified to such an extent that the government could no longer keepa hold on it. She released a sigh of relief at the sight of a more united and growing <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, determined to demand more profound change. While a resilient spirit had risen from the call her group had sent out months before , Algerian people truly became key players in Algerian politics.&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Samia Manel Bezzeghoud: \u201cI still have this spirit of combativeness that I didn't have before the <\/strong><strong><em>Hirak<\/em><\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThere is this sense of unity in the most unlikely of moments, a lot of solidarity between us even if it isn't there all the time. It's beautiful that we know how to come together when we need to.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Samia, 28, lives in Oran. She tells us how the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> deeply changed the ways of Algerian people, its interactions and customs, as he was completely absorbed by it, and it became the main inspiration for her music.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She didn't go out on the first Friday of the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, because like many people, she didn't believe that Algerians would unite for the cause. The following Friday, she went out. She had seen it in the videos, but when&nbsp; she saw so many Algerians united, she felt an extremely strong fraternity and a lot of hope. \u201cEspecially for those of my generation, born in the 80s, we didn\u2019t know much hope. Even though I was surrounded by strangers, I felt so safe.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although Samia never really viewed herself as a committed citizen, joining the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was an emotional commitment before anything else, which in itself was part of a general despondency, an anger and most of all a very strong love for the nation. \u201cWe finally got the opportunity to express ourselves, something we didn't have before. To express all the emotions that we had inside in relation to the situation.\u201d In Samia's case, what has really changed in her life is that the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has taken a central place in her music and writing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"We were totally captivated by the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the energy that emanated from it, whether it be on Fridays or on weekdays, we were hooked to our screens to follow and understand what was happening and to find a way to take advantage of this turning point for Algeria to see better days. I remember I was completely obsessed with the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, I couldn\u2019t concentrate on anything else, it was my priority for a long time in my life.\u201d Friday, a quiet and uneventful day in Algeria, had become the loudest and most festive day of the year. \u201cIt has completely changed our habits and even changed the way we interact with each other.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a general fear in the atmosphere regarding the health crisis and&nbsp; the current political situation. \u201cFreedom of speech here has been trampled, many people have been imprisoned for simply exercising their right to speak. It has affected us all quite deeply.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> triggered something in people\u2019s minds. \u201cI\u2019m not talking about a political consciousness, because people already had it, but in my case, I still have this spirit of combativeness that I didn't have before the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, I think it has even changed my way of expressing myself, of writing, as well as my artistic journey.\u201d Since the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, many of the songs Samia has written are about Algeria. An artistic and personal approach that allowed her to reconcile with her country. \u201cWe are living a love story with Algeria.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Translation of Samia\u2019s spoken word poem:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cLike all rebels, her beauty was candid, raw, authentic. She was not among those loves at first sight. She had that truthfulness in her eyes that everyone else shunned, that freedom, unquenchable, that her executioners envied. And every morning, as the sun sat on walls, she delicately unveiled her streets. And in her grace, she bore a message of hope to all who no longer believed. She was written in the language of the heart, laid in the depths of souls, infused herself in the skin of those who had known her. They will tell you, she had this gravity that summoned them every time she was in pain. She is a vital organ that has splintered into more than forty million pieces scattered all over the world, all withthe same pulse, all hurting at the same time, singing in unison, and coming to life again at the same time. This land is terribly fertile. At each stab she received in the belly, she gave birth to a revolution. This land is an artist, an artisan. She makes life with bits of herself, and begs, timidly, her children not to run away from her. And even when she was drowning in fear, she stood on the side of life. It is not we who inhabit Algeria, it is she who inhabits us.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Aziz Ghali: \u201cIf the right of expression is harmed, it is certainly the case for other rights.\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a movement of young people,\u201d points out Dr. Aziz Ghali, president of the Moroccan Association for&nbsp; Human Rights (AMDH). \u201cThe AMDH aims to accompany [the people] in its journey and let [the young people] carry out their fight as they invent it themselves, without intervening directly in the debate.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A fish merchant, crushed in a garbage machine: an appalling first image of the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Morocco that revived the memories of the February 20 Movement in 2011. Mass protests took place in July in the Rif region of northern Morocco. The streets were clogged up by a heavy-handed intervention of the authorities, in contrast with the hospitality of locals towards the Algerians who came from other cities to join the movement.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cPeople would come up to us and say: 'You came all the way here, go stay safe&nbsp; in your homes and let us face the police, you are our guests! You will find a woman who will sell you coca-cola or water in any nearby street.' Everything happened in a very spontaneous way, nothing was orchestrated or organized, but people were extremely reactive and valued the presence of the ones who had come from other cities.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also allowed for a significant emancipation of women. There were many on the front lines of the movement, breaking away from the stigmatizing and reductive image women are perceived to have in Morocco. Rif music was steeped in the revolt as well. Songs about the revolution would proliferate and immortalize it in the collective memory.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rif movement is in the continuation of the February 20 movement. The latter has cleared the public space, states Aziz Ghali, by its physical presence every Sunday in the streets, as well as by the slogans raised in every city of Morocco.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many things can be accomplished through popular uprisings, and dignity is not something that can be achieved in one day, but it lives on in Morocco\u2019s history. \u201cEveryone remembers March 23, 1965, the two coups d\u2019Etat of 1971, the protests in 1984 and 1990. Now this generation alludes to February 20. All this comes within the political landscape of Morocco.\u201d If no claim for constitutional reform had succeeded until then, the February 20 movement finally brought change. Women\u2019s emancipation occurred later through the Rif movement. \u201cMany other things happened through the Rif, and we will see results sooner or later. It takes time for things to happen.\u201d Since 2015 and to this day, the police presence is very remarkable in the Rif region.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The AMDH has followed the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in its process of formulating its claims and making sure of the authorities\u2019 adequate response to it. It also took part in a committee formed to establish a report trying to collect the facts, and covered the course of events from wrongful trials to prison incarceration. \u201cThe AMDH is the organization that has followed the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from its beginnings to the present day, as we continue to follow and back the movement through reports, visits, and sections which are present in the region.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThis is the first time an association has made a petition on the issue of torture in Morocco.\u201d The petition stipulates 3 demands: the release of political detainees, the ceasing of the pursuit of activists in Morocco and abroad, and a response to the needs of the population. \u201cBecause even if we achieve all this, when the young people are released from prison and still do not have satisfying answers regarding their demands, there won\u2019t be much time before they take to the streets again.\u201d&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2011, Morocco counted only 57 political detainees, including 7 journalists; in 2017, it counted 1,700 detainees, including 33 journalists. \u201cOur freedom of expression is waning,\u201d affirms Aziz Ghali. \u201cFreedom of expression can be viewed as the thermometer that measures the other freedoms as well as the degree of democracy in any country. If the freedom of expression is infringed upon, it will certainly be the case for other rights.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p><\/div><div class=\"vce-text-block-wrapper vce\" id=\"\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-630ff1ae\" style=\"height: 0px; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: fixed; bottom: 0px; right: 0px;\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p><p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak <\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in Arabic, \u201cmovement\u201d<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in English. This is how we designated the popular protests in Morocco in 2016, and in Algeria in 2019. Although the two movements share the same name, their realities are different.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Morocco, the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> began with the sit-ins of May 8 2016, and came to a boil with the death of a fish merchant in October 2016, who was crushed in a dumpster while trying to reclaim his merchandise, thrown away by law enforcement. The ensuing protests lasted more than 6 months.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Algeria, a crowd of peaceful protesters took to the streets for over a year to demand the departure of President Bouteflika, and once obtained, the establishment of a second republic without the former dignitaries of the regime. The rallies in the Algerian streets have currently stopped due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, however, is far from over.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At a time when assessments of the Arab revolutions of 2011 are being drawn one after the other, we felt it necessary to look back at these more recent and often overlooked movements.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalist at Radio M and Maghreb Emergent, Lynda Abou tells us about the birth of the Algerian <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, from the historic demonstration in Algiers on February 22 to the current situation related to the health crisis. It all started with a letter distributed throughout the country to the younger generation (02:00).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"We are living a love story with Algeria.\" Samia Manel, Algerian singer and slammer, shares how, through the Hirak, she reconnected with her country, now the muse of her art. (19:34)&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, Dr. Aziz Ghali, president of the Moroccan Association for Human Rights (AMDH), talks about the situation in Morocco, the women of the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the coca-colas and bottled water in the streets, solidarity among Algerians, and the ongoing struggle for freedom of expression (32:43). With Eva Tapiero and Hajar Chokairi.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Lynda Abou: \"I was afraid that it would end up like the Arouch movement in 2001 or the 88 October protests did.\"&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lynda Abou has always lived in Algiers. She is a journalist and works for Radio M and Maghreb Emergent. Seven years after the Arab Spring, when the wind of rebellion rose once more in Algeria, she attended the protests one after&nbsp; another, covering them from the forefront of the movement.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Late 2018, the tension is high around President Bouteflika's impending 5th term. In October, a few young people including Lynda and some senior journalists met at a book fair and came together in the hope of taking action against a silenced freedom of speech and&nbsp; deeply embedded political corruption. In late January 2019, a letter was sent all over the country to younger generations, calling on them&nbsp; to take an interest in politics. Slowly, the marches and rallies began, culminating in their final point: Algiers. This protest on February 22 left a substantial mark on people\u2019s minds and rekindled the flame of a long-buried anger.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">February 22, 2019, people were on the watch on social networks. In the morning, a small group of women went out into the streets, before being immediately arrested. \u201cWe thought that would be it. Little did we know that after 2 pm, at the end of the Friday prayer, it would blow up and millions of Algerian people would be in the streets of Algiers.\u201d Although the young woman observed the gathering from afar on social media, she is still caught up in the emotion of that historical day.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She joined the movement on February 24, rallying after the call launched by the Mouwatana, a political movement opposing the fifth term of Bouteflika. Meet-up spot at Place Audin, 12 pm. Less than forty people showed up earlier than 11 am. From the balcony of her office, overlooking the square , Lynda and her colleagues could see some journalists, familiar faces, and a few notable figures present to show their adherence to the movement. Everyone was waiting for a signal and for instructions, and discussing the events of February 22, without really knowing what to expect. Still under the emotion of that day, the crowd began to march around 11 am, ahead of time, agitated and feverish. Soon security intervened to crack down on the crowd. Police officers fired tear gas, the movement\u2019s figureheads and even some journalists were arrested. No one ever anticipated that these images of repression would become the spark that would ignite a wave of mobilization across the country.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12 pm, an hour had passed. When everyone thought that the protest was over, an echo of voices was heard in the distance. As the police chief pointed to the adjacent street, authorities rushed towards it. Facing them: a stream of millions of Algerians, shouting with the same voice and chanting a single slogan in unison on Didouche-Mourad street, which later became a symbolic street for the Algerian <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Lynda still remembers the shivers she felt in&nbsp; that moment. Suddenly, the situation shifted, the number of protesters exceeded that of the security forces.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After that Sunday, corporations multiplied their calls for protest, and students, lawyers and journalists began to join the movement. From that day on, Lynda began to cover all the protests, one after another, including the first Friday after the marches were suspended, on March 20, 2020, due to the health crisis. A coverage of the empty streets of Algiers.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seeing Algerian people standing up for their rights was an immense joy for Lynda, who had held that hope for many years. With the fall of Bouteflika, she feared that the movement would die down without uprooting the corrupted system itself. She feared that it would fade away like the Arouch movement of 2001 or the 1988 October riots. \u201cThere were a lot of injuries, arrests and deaths in 1988, so we always had this fear lying underneath, but then I saw it was a very large mobilization that became difficult to repress.\u201d The movement was amplified to such an extent that the government could no longer keepa hold on it. She released a sigh of relief at the sight of a more united and growing <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, determined to demand more profound change. While a resilient spirit had risen from the call her group had sent out months before , Algerian people truly became key players in Algerian politics.&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Samia Manel Bezzeghoud: \u201cI still have this spirit of combativeness that I didn't have before the <\/strong><strong><em>Hirak<\/em><\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThere is this sense of unity in the most unlikely of moments, a lot of solidarity between us even if it isn't there all the time. It's beautiful that we know how to come together when we need to.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Samia, 28, lives in Oran. She tells us how the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> deeply changed the ways of Algerian people, its interactions and customs, as he was completely absorbed by it, and it became the main inspiration for her music.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She didn't go out on the first Friday of the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, because like many people, she didn't believe that Algerians would unite for the cause. The following Friday, she went out. She had seen it in the videos, but when&nbsp; she saw so many Algerians united, she felt an extremely strong fraternity and a lot of hope. \u201cEspecially for those of my generation, born in the 80s, we didn\u2019t know much hope. Even though I was surrounded by strangers, I felt so safe.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although Samia never really viewed herself as a committed citizen, joining the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was an emotional commitment before anything else, which in itself was part of a general despondency, an anger and most of all a very strong love for the nation. \u201cWe finally got the opportunity to express ourselves, something we didn't have before. To express all the emotions that we had inside in relation to the situation.\u201d In Samia's case, what has really changed in her life is that the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has taken a central place in her music and writing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"We were totally captivated by the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the energy that emanated from it, whether it be on Fridays or on weekdays, we were hooked to our screens to follow and understand what was happening and to find a way to take advantage of this turning point for Algeria to see better days. I remember I was completely obsessed with the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, I couldn\u2019t concentrate on anything else, it was my priority for a long time in my life.\u201d Friday, a quiet and uneventful day in Algeria, had become the loudest and most festive day of the year. \u201cIt has completely changed our habits and even changed the way we interact with each other.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a general fear in the atmosphere regarding the health crisis and&nbsp; the current political situation. \u201cFreedom of speech here has been trampled, many people have been imprisoned for simply exercising their right to speak. It has affected us all quite deeply.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> triggered something in people\u2019s minds. \u201cI\u2019m not talking about a political consciousness, because people already had it, but in my case, I still have this spirit of combativeness that I didn't have before the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, I think it has even changed my way of expressing myself, of writing, as well as my artistic journey.\u201d Since the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, many of the songs Samia has written are about Algeria. An artistic and personal approach that allowed her to reconcile with her country. \u201cWe are living a love story with Algeria.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Translation of Samia\u2019s spoken word poem:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cLike all rebels, her beauty was candid, raw, authentic. She was not among those loves at first sight. She had that truthfulness in her eyes that everyone else shunned, that freedom, unquenchable, that her executioners envied. And every morning, as the sun sat on walls, she delicately unveiled her streets. And in her grace, she bore a message of hope to all who no longer believed. She was written in the language of the heart, laid in the depths of souls, infused herself in the skin of those who had known her. They will tell you, she had this gravity that summoned them every time she was in pain. She is a vital organ that has splintered into more than forty million pieces scattered all over the world, all withthe same pulse, all hurting at the same time, singing in unison, and coming to life again at the same time. This land is terribly fertile. At each stab she received in the belly, she gave birth to a revolution. This land is an artist, an artisan. She makes life with bits of herself, and begs, timidly, her children not to run away from her. And even when she was drowning in fear, she stood on the side of life. It is not we who inhabit Algeria, it is she who inhabits us.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Aziz Ghali: \u201cIf the right of expression is harmed, it is certainly the case for other rights.\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a movement of young people,\u201d points out Dr. Aziz Ghali, president of the Moroccan Association for&nbsp; Human Rights (AMDH). \u201cThe AMDH aims to accompany [the people] in its journey and let [the young people] carry out their fight as they invent it themselves, without intervening directly in the debate.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A fish merchant, crushed in a garbage machine: an appalling first image of the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Morocco that revived the memories of the February 20 Movement in 2011. Mass protests took place in July in the Rif region of northern Morocco. The streets were clogged up by a heavy-handed intervention of the authorities, in contrast with the hospitality of locals towards the Algerians who came from other cities to join the movement.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cPeople would come up to us and say: 'You came all the way here, go stay safe&nbsp; in your homes and let us face the police, you are our guests! You will find a woman who will sell you coca-cola or water in any nearby street.' Everything happened in a very spontaneous way, nothing was orchestrated or organized, but people were extremely reactive and valued the presence of the ones who had come from other cities.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also allowed for a significant emancipation of women. There were many on the front lines of the movement, breaking away from the stigmatizing and reductive image women are perceived to have in Morocco. Rif music was steeped in the revolt as well. Songs about the revolution would proliferate and immortalize it in the collective memory.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rif movement is in the continuation of the February 20 movement. The latter has cleared the public space, states Aziz Ghali, by its physical presence every Sunday in the streets, as well as by the slogans raised in every city of Morocco.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many things can be accomplished through popular uprisings, and dignity is not something that can be achieved in one day, but it lives on in Morocco\u2019s history. \u201cEveryone remembers March 23, 1965, the two coups d\u2019Etat of 1971, the protests in 1984 and 1990. Now this generation alludes to February 20. All this comes within the political landscape of Morocco.\u201d If no claim for constitutional reform had succeeded until then, the February 20 movement finally brought change. Women\u2019s emancipation occurred later through the Rif movement. \u201cMany other things happened through the Rif, and we will see results sooner or later. It takes time for things to happen.\u201d Since 2015 and to this day, the police presence is very remarkable in the Rif region.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The AMDH has followed the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in its process of formulating its claims and making sure of the authorities\u2019 adequate response to it. It also took part in a committee formed to establish a report trying to collect the facts, and covered the course of events from wrongful trials to prison incarceration. \u201cThe AMDH is the organization that has followed the <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hirak<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from its beginnings to the present day, as we continue to follow and back the movement through reports, visits, and sections which are present in the region.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThis is the first time an association has made a petition on the issue of torture in Morocco.\u201d The petition stipulates 3 demands: the release of political detainees, the ceasing of the pursuit of activists in Morocco and abroad, and a response to the needs of the population. \u201cBecause even if we achieve all this, when the young people are released from prison and still do not have satisfying answers regarding their demands, there won\u2019t be much time before they take to the streets again.\u201d&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2011, Morocco counted only 57 political detainees, including 7 journalists; in 2017, it counted 1,700 detainees, including 33 journalists. \u201cOur freedom of expression is waning,\u201d affirms Aziz Ghali. \u201cFreedom of expression can be viewed as the thermometer that measures the other freedoms as well as the degree of democracy in any country. 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data-author-type=\"guest\" data-author-ref=\"guest-4908\"\n                     itemscope itemid=\"#molongui-disabled-link\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Person\"                >\n                    \n<div class=\"m-a-box-content-top\">\n\n\t\n<\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box-content-top -->\n\n<div class=\"m-a-box-content-middle\">\n\n    <!-- Author picture -->\n    \n\t<div class=\"m-a-box-item m-a-box-avatar\" data-source=\"local\">\n\t\t                <span>\n                    <img src=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Portrait-Eva-Tapiero-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image\" alt=\"Eva Tapiero\" itemprop=\"image\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Portrait-Eva-Tapiero-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Portrait-Eva-Tapiero-70x70.jpg 70w, https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Portrait-Eva-Tapiero-526x526.jpg 526w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>                <\/span>\n                \t<\/div>\n\n    <!-- Author social -->\n    <div class=\"m-a-box-item m-a-box-social\">\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"m-a-box-social-icon m-a-list-social-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"m-icon-container m-ico-twitter m-ico-\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Evatapiero\" target=\"_self\" itemprop=\"sameAs\" aria-label=\"View Eva Tapiero's Twitter profile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"m-a-icon-twitter\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n    <!-- Author data -->\n    <div class=\"m-a-box-item m-a-box-data\">\n\n        <!-- Author name -->\n        \n<div class=\"m-a-box-name m-a-box-title\">\n\t<h5 itemprop=\"name\">\n                        <span>\n\t\t\t        Eva Tapiero                <\/span>\n\t            \t<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n        <!-- Author metadata -->\n        \n<div class=\"m-a-box-item m-a-box-meta\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t        \t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\" language=\"JavaScript\">\n\t\t\tif ( typeof window.ToggleAuthorshipData === 'undefined' )\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tfunction ToggleAuthorshipData(id, author)\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\tlet box_selector = '#mab-' + id;\n                    let box = document.querySelector(box_selector);\n                    if ( box.getAttribute('data-multiauthor') ) box_selector = '#mab-' + id + ' [data-author-ref=\"' + author + '\"]';\n                    let label = document.querySelector(box_selector + ' ' + '.m-a-box-data-toggle');\n\t\t\t\t\tlabel.innerHTML = ( label.text.trim() === \"Plus de publications\" ? \" <span class=\\\"m-a-box-string-bio\\\">Biographie<\/span>\" : \" <span class=\\\"m-a-box-string-more-posts\\\">Plus de publications<\/span>\" );\n                    let bio     = document.querySelector(box_selector + ' ' + '.m-a-box-bio');\n                    let related = 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director. Her work focuses on Jewish and Arab-Muslim cultures from here and elsewhere, exile and immigration, revolts, identity, love, intra-family violence, women and childhood.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n        \n            <!-- Author related posts -->\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related\" data-related-layout=\"layout-1\">\n                <div class=\"m-a-box-item m-a-box-related-entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\n                    <ul>\n                            <li>\n        <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\">\n            <div class=\"molongui-display-none\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\n                <div itemprop=\"name\">Eva Tapiero<\/div>\n                <div itemprop=\"url\">#molongui-disabled-link<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry-title\">\n                <i class=\"m-a-icon-doc\"><\/i>\n                <a class=\"molongui-remove-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/the-revolution-and-now-what-s5\/lavortement-en-pologne-une-chaine-solidaire-contre-la-repression\/\" itemprop=\"url\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"headline\">L'avortement en Pologne : une cha\u00eene solidaire contre la r\u00e9pression<\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/li>\n        <li>\n        <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\">\n            <div class=\"molongui-display-none\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\n                <div itemprop=\"name\">Eva Tapiero<\/div>\n                <div itemprop=\"url\">#molongui-disabled-link<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry-title\">\n                <i class=\"m-a-icon-doc\"><\/i>\n                <a class=\"molongui-remove-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/all-identities-combined-s4\/la-filiation-silencieuse-deva\/\" itemprop=\"url\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"headline\">La filiation silencieuse d'\u00c9va<\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/li>\n        <li>\n        <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\">\n            <div class=\"molongui-display-none\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\n                <div itemprop=\"name\">Eva Tapiero<\/div>\n                <div itemprop=\"url\">#molongui-disabled-link<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry-title\">\n                <i class=\"m-a-icon-doc\"><\/i>\n                <a class=\"molongui-remove-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/all-identities-combined-s2\/naturalization-a-step-on-the-winding-road-to-dual-identity\/\" itemprop=\"url\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"headline\">Naturalization: a step on the winding road to dual identity<\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/li>\n        <li>\n        <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\">\n            <div class=\"molongui-display-none\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\n                <div itemprop=\"name\">Eva Tapiero<\/div>\n                <div itemprop=\"url\">#molongui-disabled-link<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry-title\">\n                <i class=\"m-a-icon-doc\"><\/i>\n                <a class=\"molongui-remove-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/after-the-revolution-now-what-s2\/at-the-roots-of-the-arab-spring-how-is-a-revolution-told\/\" itemprop=\"url\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"headline\">At the Roots of the Arab Spring: How Is a Revolution Told?<\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/li>\n        <li>\n        <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\">\n            <div class=\"molongui-display-none\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\n                <div itemprop=\"name\">Eva Tapiero<\/div>\n                <div itemprop=\"url\">#molongui-disabled-link<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry-title\">\n                <i class=\"m-a-icon-doc\"><\/i>\n                <a class=\"molongui-remove-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/after-the-revolution-now-what\/can-mr-ks-world-run-with-feminism\/\" itemprop=\"url\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"headline\">Can Mister K\u2019s world run with feminism?<\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/li>\n                     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src=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Portrait-Hajar-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image\" alt=\"Portrait Hajar\" itemprop=\"image\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Portrait-Hajar-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Portrait-Hajar-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Portrait-Hajar-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Portrait-Hajar-70x70.jpg 70w, https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Portrait-Hajar-526x526.jpg 526w, https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Portrait-Hajar.jpg 639w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>                <\/span>\n                \t<\/div>\n\n    <!-- Author social -->\n    \n    <!-- Author data -->\n    <div class=\"m-a-box-item m-a-box-data\">\n\n        <!-- Author name -->\n        \n<div class=\"m-a-box-name m-a-box-title\">\n\t<h5 itemprop=\"name\">\n                        <span>\n\t\t\t        Hajar Chokairi                <\/span>\n\t            \t<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n        <!-- Author metadata -->\n        \n<div class=\"m-a-box-item m-a-box-meta\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t        \t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\" language=\"JavaScript\">\n\t\t\tif ( typeof window.ToggleAuthorshipData === 'undefined' )\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tfunction ToggleAuthorshipData(id, author)\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\tlet box_selector = '#mab-' + id;\n                    let box = document.querySelector(box_selector);\n                    if ( box.getAttribute('data-multiauthor') ) box_selector = '#mab-' + id + ' [data-author-ref=\"' + author + '\"]';\n                    let label = document.querySelector(box_selector + ' ' + '.m-a-box-data-toggle');\n\t\t\t\t\tlabel.innerHTML = ( label.text.trim() === \"Plus de publications\" ? \" <span class=\\\"m-a-box-string-bio\\\">Biographie<\/span>\" : \" <span class=\\\"m-a-box-string-more-posts\\\">Plus de publications<\/span>\" );\n                    let bio     = document.querySelector(box_selector + ' ' + '.m-a-box-bio');\n                    let related = document.querySelector(box_selector + ' ' + '.m-a-box-related-entries');\n\n\t\t\t\t\tif ( related.style.display === \"none\" )\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\trelated.style.display = \"block\";\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbio.style.display     = \"none\";\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\trelated.style.display = \"none\";\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbio.style.display     = \"block\";\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<a href=\"javascript:ToggleAuthorshipData(1983755841, 'guest-6575')\" class=\"m-a-box-data-toggle\" > <span class=\"m-a-box-string-more-posts\">More stories<\/span> <\/a>\n\t\n<\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box-meta -->\n\n        <!-- Author bio -->\n        \n<div class=\"m-a-box-bio\" itemprop=\"description\">\n    <div>\u00c9crivaine, journaliste culturelle et consultante dans le domaine des technologies civiques. Co-directrice du magazine &amp; agence <a href=\"https:\/\/onorient.com\/\">www.onorient.com<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n        \n            <!-- Author related posts -->\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related\" data-related-layout=\"layout-1\">\n                <div class=\"m-a-box-item m-a-box-related-entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\n                    <ul>\n                            <li>\n        <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\">\n            <div class=\"molongui-display-none\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\n                <div itemprop=\"name\">Hajar Chokairi<\/div>\n                <div itemprop=\"url\">#molongui-disabled-link<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry-title\">\n                <i class=\"m-a-icon-doc\"><\/i>\n                <a class=\"molongui-remove-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/after-the-revolution-now-what-s2\/at-the-roots-of-the-arab-spring-how-is-a-revolution-told\/\" itemprop=\"url\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"headline\">At the Roots of the Arab Spring: How Is a Revolution Told?<\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/li>\n                        <\/ul>\n\n                <\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box-related-entries -->\n            <\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box-related -->\n\n        \n    <\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box-data -->\n\n<\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box-content-middle -->\n\n<div class=\"m-a-box-content-bottom\"><\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box-content-bottom -->                <\/div>\n\n            \n        <\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box-profile -->\n\n        \n    <\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box-container -->\n\n\t\n<\/div><!-- End of .m-a-box --><style id=\"molongui-author-box-shortcode-inline-css\" type=\"text\/css\">#mab-1983755841.m-a-box {width:100%;margin-top: !important;margin-right: !important;margin-bottom: !important;margin-left: !important;}#mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-header {margin-bottom:20px;}#mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-header > :first-child, #mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-header a.m-a-box-header-url {font-size:px;line-height:px;}#mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-container {padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0;border-style:solid;border-top-width:0;border-right-width:0;border-bottom-width:0;border-left-width:0;border-color:#e8e8e8;background-color:#f7f8f9;box-shadow:10px 10px 10px transparent ;}#mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-avatar img, #mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-avatar div[data-avatar-type=\"acronym\"] {border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-color:transparent;border-radius:45%;}#mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-name *  {font-size:15px;line-height:1px;color:#283056 !important;}#mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-content.m-a-box-profile .m-a-box-data .m-a-box-meta * {font-size:12px;line-height:px;color:#283056;}#mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-meta-divider {padding:0 0.2em;}#mab-1983755841 .m-a-box-bio > * {font-size:14px;line-height:px;font-weight:normal;font-style:none;text-align:justify;color:#283056;}#mab-1983755841 .m-icon-container {background-color: inherit; 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