{"id":5189,"date":"2020-11-12T17:17:28","date_gmt":"2020-11-12T15:17:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/?p=5189"},"modified":"2021-06-30T12:06:46","modified_gmt":"2021-06-30T10:06:46","slug":"les-trois-vies-abdel-camara","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/all-identities-combined\/the-three-lives-of-abdel-camara\/","title":{"rendered":"Guinea, United States, France: the three lives of Abdel Camara"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"vce-row-container\"><div class=\"vce-row vce-row--col-gap-30 vce-row-columns--top vce-row-content--top\" data-vce-full-width=\"true\" data-vce-stretch-content=\"true\" id=\"el-fef04120\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-fef04120\"><div class=\"vce-row-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\"><div class=\"vce-col vce-col--md-17p vce-col--xs-1 vce-col--xs-last vce-col--xs-first vce-col--sm-last vce-col--sm-first vce-col--md-first vce-col--lg-first vce-col--xl-first\" id=\"el-86f8a412\"><div class=\"vce-col-inner\" data-vce-do-apply=\"border margin background  el-86f8a412\"><div class=\"vce-col-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\" data-vce-do-apply=\"padding el-86f8a412\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce-col vce-col--md-66p vce-col--xs-1 vce-col--xs-last vce-col--xs-first vce-col--sm-last vce-col--sm-first vce-col--md-last vce-col--lg-last vce-col--xl-last\" id=\"el-4473448b\"><div class=\"vce-col-inner\" data-vce-do-apply=\"border margin background  el-4473448b\"><div class=\"vce-col-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\" data-vce-do-apply=\"padding el-4473448b\"><div class=\"vce-row-container\" data-vce-boxed-width=\"true\"><div class=\"vce-row vce-row--col-gap-30 vce-row-columns--top vce-row-content--top\" id=\"el-ce2d7442\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-ce2d7442\"><div class=\"vce-row-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\"><div class=\"vce-col vce-col--md-auto vce-col--xs-1 vce-col--xs-last vce-col--xs-first vce-col--sm-last vce-col--sm-first vce-col--md-last vce-col--lg-last vce-col--xl-last vce-col--md-first vce-col--lg-first vce-col--xl-first\" id=\"el-642c1e6c\"><div class=\"vce-col-inner\" data-vce-do-apply=\"border margin background  el-642c1e6c\"><div class=\"vce-col-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\" data-vce-do-apply=\"padding el-642c1e6c\"><div class=\"vce-text-block\"><div class=\"vce-text-block-wrapper vce\" id=\"el-91f6726e\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-91f6726e\"><p><iframe id=\"ausha-lVaz\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%; height: 220px;\" src=\"https:\/\/player.ausha.co\/index.html?showId=yJjeJSgegGeA&amp;display=horizontal&amp;color=%23abcdf5&amp;dark=true&amp;podcastId=owZYJs3WndMZ&amp;v=3&amp;playerId=ausha-lVaz\" height=\"220\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/player.ausha.co\/ausha-player.js\"><\/script><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce-text-block\"><div class=\"vce-text-block-wrapper vce\" id=\"el-a608d798\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-a608d798\"><p><strong>Why two podcasts ?<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>You understood, in this episode, you have two podcasts.<\/em><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>The first is the testimony of Abdel Camara. Forty-five minutes during which he takes the time to tell his story, which began more than 30 years ago in Guinea, continued in the United States and is now taking place in France.<\/em><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>In the second podcast, it is this time Maboula Soumahoro who has time to express herself. Maboula Soumahoro is a doctor in civilizations of the English-speaking world, a specialist in African-American studies and the black diaspora. We listened with her to Abdel's testimony. Personal accounts and a discourse analysis that gives a fascinating and enlightening interview.<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce vce-separator-container vce-separator--align-center vce-separator--style-solid\" id=\"el-2ed950b0\" data-vce-do-apply=\"margin el-2ed950b0\"><div class=\"vce-separator vce-separator--color-bfc0c1 vce-separator--width-60 vce-separator--thickness-1\" data-vce-do-apply=\"border padding background  el-2ed950b0\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce-text-block\"><div class=\"vce-text-block-wrapper vce\" id=\"el-085e5fa7\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-085e5fa7\"><p><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abdel arrived in the United States at the age of 14. He lived in Marietta, in the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia. He still remembers his first disturbing day in the middle school cafeteria: he\u2019d seen kids sitting in groups at their assigned tables. Yet Abdel didn\u2019t see himself fitting into any of the prescribed boxes. He is Black; but African. And despite having the same skin color, he neither spoke nor dressed like the Black Americans.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cNo one wanted to be African, and no one of African descent spoke out about it. And I called myself Guinean when I arrived.\u201d Between assimilation and self-acceptance, where does his Africanness lie? From encounters with his African American peers, for whom his African identity is \u201cjust a component of his Black identity\u201d, to encounters with white schoolmates and co-workers, who viewed his Guinean identity differently (often misguidedly, ) from Black Americans; by way of Muslim acquaintances' projections regarding his faith, based on his appearance: it is in this environment rich in varied discussions, uncomfortable at times, that Abdel learns to position himself, and to embrace his complex and singular identity as a man who is above all Guinean, Black, Muslim, became American, and who now lives in France. An order of priorities that, over time, will change according to the codes that Abdel composes for himself.&nbsp; The construction of his identity evolved simultaneously.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Migration, integration, homecoming 14 years later, and a new beginning in France.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b>\u201cBlack in America, but not Black American. By the time people realize this, how do Black people, and non-Black people process it?\u201d&nbsp;<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cFor Black people, it was pretty simple,\u201d replies Abdel. (...) \u201cIt was just a fragment of my identity, it didn't change much. For them, it was more like, do you talk like us, do you dress like us; if you do that, then there's no difference, you're part of the club. That's why at first I was a bit of an outsider, but a year later, when I learned to talk like them, dress like them, I was part of the club.\u201d&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among some white people, Abdel could spot two types of reactions: \u201cThe first reaction you get is that you're <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">not even<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> African American. (...) You're African. That's lower. (...) Clearly my identity confused them,\u201d he recalls.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The other group in contrast appeared to be more comfortable, as if relieved of a burdensome historical and colonial baggage. It would appear that hiring someone like&nbsp; Abdel was a way for employers to have the 'diversity' box checked without having to deal with all the perceived problems they would face with an African American. On the downside, some people allowed themselves to make inappropriate comments, either unconsciously or in a passive aggressive manner.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThey can look at you as if you didn't have the cultural legacy that an African American has. They can feel more relaxed, because they figure you don't have the experience of Civil Rights, you're not part of the slavery discussion. So for them, you're just Black of skin, but a foreigner. And that too can have its positive and negative side, it means there are white people who feel more comfortable with you.\u201d&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b>Another area of divergence: religion. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At a time when African American Muslims were relatively rare, the Muslims he met were mostly immigrants from Pakistan, India and other South Asian countries.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For them, Abdel explains, there were only two possibilities when a Black American was a Muslim: either a new convert, or a member of the Nation of Islam, a doctrine that differed substantially from Islam. \u201cFor them, Islam necessarily came with a tragic backstory: I went through something, I was in an accident, or I was on drugs, and afterwards Islam saved me. So when I was asked what my \u2018conversion story\u2019 was, I\u2019d say \u2018Well, I was born. That's it.\u2019\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><b>So after 14 years of absence, you went back to Guinea. How was it?<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt was a shock. I arrived, it was May, and the first thing I felt was the heat. [I\u2019d ask] \u2018I remember there was wind. Where did it go?\u2019 And they\u2019d say \u2018Nothing\u2019s changed, you\u2019ve changed. What happened to you, you can't stand the heat anymore, even though you were born in it!\u2019\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The second thing he noticed was that he was entirely and exclusively surrounded by Black people. \u201cThe race issue didn't exist anymore (...) no energy to be spent on that. (...) The question was more like: are you a local or a vacationer.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While Abdel considered himself Guinean, local people considered him a visitor in Conakry. \u201cI realized that people knew I was no longer from here. I didn't know how they knew, but it was obvious for them. I couldn't hide that I came from elsewhere.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A trip that made him ponder, and even made him a little sad, because he was happy to be back, but many things had changed.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThis raised a lot of thoughts. Up until then, I used to behave like a transient in the States. (...) That's when I realized that America was also part of my identity, and that I had to invest in that country from then on.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><b>Moving to France<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIf Trump wins, I'm leaving the country,\u201d he had casually blurted out on the eve of the U.S. election in 2016.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For his part, Abdel seized a job offer in France as an opportunity to explore new ground. Here again, the question of identity was about to be a multifaceted challenge. Although he came as an American expat, he was already preparing himself to receive questions related to his ethnicity and his religion, his wife wearing the hijab\u2026<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Up to his expectations and beyond, he quickly noticed the treatment was different between his status as an American expatriate and as a Guinean. \u201cAs an American, regardless of your skin color, you are the guest of honor outside the States.\u201d However, if the first thing people saw was his West African-sounding name, Abdel Camara, then he would be viewed as an immigrant and be treated otherwise. The young expat recounts one of his first racist experiences in France at a bank appointment: the employees\u2019 attitude immediately shifted when Abdel took out his American passport.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The racial problem in France exists as much as it does in the United States, Alexia Sena points out, but in a different way: in the States, people know it is a problem that has never really been solved and it is talked about, whereas in France we chose to avoid the vexing question and fuel the fire. For instance, practices that favor non-mixity discussions in America such as Black employee networks, would be seen somehow as segregation in France. \u201cIn France, everyone is French, meaning that, in a way, you can't really be who you are 100%, but the other [the person of French descent, born and raised in France] one can. Whilst you come from somewhere else, he is at home. You change, and it's okay.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><b>Being Black in a white community&nbsp;<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cI had stumbled upon one of the well-kept secrets about Black people: that most of us weren't interested in revolt; that most of us were tired of thinking about race all the time; that if we preferred to keep to ourselves it was mainly because that was the easiest way to stop thinking about it, easier than spending all our time mad or trying to guess whatever it was that white folks were thinking about you.\u201d (Obama, in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1995)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWhen you stand as the only Black person in a city, you represent all Black people and it's very exhausting. Even in Paris, one day I went to a Black meeting, because I needed to be around Black people. One man said to me, \u2018It feels good to have melanin around me,\u2019 and I felt it. I could just be myself. We all deserve to be comfortable and whoever we are, like musicians, even poets, or soccer players: at some point, they want to be with people like them, talking about the same things. You just want to be comfortable in your community, and to be free.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><b>Who are you today and who will you be tomorrow?<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Black experience is not a monolith, Abdel needles. Diversity is a matter, of course, for a white person. \u201c[When you are a Black individual,] there is always an attempt to find out where you are from. You are what you have to defend. I will always have to defend the fact that I am Black. If there is a crime committed by a Black man, and I am walking on the street, I\u2019ll be arrested. No matter what he looked like, no matter his description, he was only a Black man.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cI don't let anyone define me anymore,\" he said. I also give myself the opportunity to choose who I am whenever I want, sometimes in my favor. I am just a Black man, who grew up in America and who now lives in France, who\u2019s gonna go back to Guinea one day. Just a Black man in this world.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce vce-separator-container vce-separator--align-center vce-separator--style-solid\" id=\"el-12bb0403\" data-vce-do-apply=\"margin el-12bb0403\"><div class=\"vce-separator vce-separator--color-bfc0c1 vce-separator--width-60 vce-separator--thickness-1\" data-vce-do-apply=\"border padding background  el-12bb0403\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce-row-container\" data-vce-boxed-width=\"true\"><div class=\"vce-row vce-row--col-gap-30 vce-row-columns--top vce-row-content--top\" id=\"el-dd611ee0\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-dd611ee0\"><div class=\"vce-row-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\"><div class=\"vce-col vce-col--md-auto vce-col--xs-1 vce-col--xs-last vce-col--xs-first vce-col--sm-last vce-col--sm-first vce-col--md-last vce-col--lg-last vce-col--xl-last vce-col--md-first vce-col--lg-first vce-col--xl-first\" id=\"el-41913bb2\"><div class=\"vce-col-inner\" data-vce-do-apply=\"border margin background  el-41913bb2\"><div class=\"vce-col-content\" data-vce-element-content=\"true\" data-vce-do-apply=\"padding el-41913bb2\"><div class=\"vce-text-block\"><div class=\"vce-text-block-wrapper vce\" id=\"el-2122a708\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-2122a708\"><p><iframe id=\"ausha-eA9x\" style=\"border: none; width: 100%; height: 220px;\" src=\"https:\/\/player.ausha.co\/index.html?showId=yJjeJSgegGeA&amp;display=horizontal&amp;color=%23abcdf5&amp;dark=true&amp;podcastId=odwMGCg6M1GB&amp;v=3&amp;playerId=ausha-eA9x\" height=\"220\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/player.ausha.co\/ausha-player.js\"><\/script><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vce-text-block\"><div class=\"vce-text-block-wrapper vce\" id=\"el-ad7a29c1\" data-vce-do-apply=\"all el-ad7a29c1\"><p><\/p><p><\/p><blockquote><p>\u201cIt was from the Americas that I started to anchor myself more firmly to France\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the previous podcast, we listened to Abdel\u2019s story, a Black Guinean and American man who now lives in France. He discovered his blackness through the eyes of others, living on each of the three continents. Similarly, Maboula, who was born in the Paris region from Ivorian parents, was raised in the Dioula culture, and studied in the United States and Jamaica for several years.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maboula Soumahoro is a doctor of civilization of the English-speaking world, specializing in African-American studies and the Black diaspora. She is also the author of <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Hexagon and the Triangle : Thinking Black Identity,<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> an autobiographical essay which examines the making of Black identity in France through the prism of the transatlantic triangular trade. In this enlightening interview, Maboula Soumahoro intertwines her personal story with critical reflection, echoing the words of Abdel Camara. Interviewed by Alexia Sena.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: To begin with, in what ways was your Black identity influenced by this triangle?<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M: The construction of my identity as a Black woman was a journey through several stages. I didn\u2019t realize immediately that my identity took root in that transatlantic triangle. I was only aware of one point of the triangle, and it was Africa. I was born in the suburbs of Paris, but instead of feeling French, I always viewed myself as African, Ivorian and more specifically Dioula, the ethnic group my parents belong to. Beyond nationality, I had internalized a sort of racial consciousness. We were Black, we were African, and therefore not French. The change happened years later when I went to the Americas: I felt connected with African Americans, African Caribbeans, and other Black diasporas.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: By leaving France, you grew closer to other Black populations, Caribbean, Jamaican or even non-white French. But paradoxically it brought out your French identity as well. Did this happen <\/strong><strong>simultaneously<\/strong><strong>?<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M: One identity certainly does not erase the others. I am Ivorian, French and many other things.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still, there is a sort of diasporic culture that appears in music, arts, literature, but also in the food we eat or the products we buy. In Harlem for example, African Americans, African Caribbeans or newer African immigrants go to the same stores and consume the same things. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When I lived in Jamaica to study Rastafarianism, I met Rasta communities for<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whom there was an entire myth surrounding the African origin and the importance of Africa<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. For them, my Black body, my dreadlocks and my name made me&nbsp; sort of an authentic African who hadn\u2019t lost her culture, contrarily to them. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although I am a second-generation immigrant, and am still connected to my culture, unlike the other diasporas for whom the connection is more remote<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, there is a part of Africa and the Ivory Coast that I lost inevitably, since I was born in Paris. Therefore, there are as many cultural connections between the Black diasporas that help us bond, as there are cultural differences that set us apart.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the same time, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that was surprisingly when I realised that a part of me was French. For instance, when I was returning for the holidays, I noticed that my family, my loved ones&nbsp; and home were in France, rather than in the Ivory Coast. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another example is when people in the States could distinguish that I wasn\u2019t an Afro-American with my French accent. I remember that <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">people would mistake me for&nbsp; Haitian. And my Parisian French identity opened a few doors for me to teach French. And most of the time, I was perceived and acknowledged as French, whereas in France, I was always asked where I came from, and I was fine with that, I had internalized the idea that I was not from here. Because for my parents, we were not from France, we were always going to leave eventually, although it never happened.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: \u201cBefore Afrobeat and <\/strong><strong><em>Black Panther<\/em><\/strong><strong>, Africa was in the collective imagination an underdeveloped and unpopular continent where everyone was starving, living in huts. <\/strong><strong>When I arrived in the States, no one wanted to be African, and no one of African descent spoke out about it.<\/strong><strong>\u201d (Abdel Camara)<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M: I cannot really relate to Abdel\u2019s story since I didn\u2019t arrive in America from Africa, but from France. When I was asked the question of where I was from, I just had to answer that I was French. However, that vision people had of Africa was transcontinental. I\u2019ve literally heard the phrase \u201cAfrican booty scratcher\u201d: the image of an African kid who\u2019s barely clothed, surrounded by flies, scratching his bottom. In 1997, Africa had just emerged from a great famine in the 80s, Ethiopia was known for poverty and wars, and the songs of charity fund-raising supergroup \u2018USA for Africa\u2019 in 1985 were still vivid in the collective imagination. It built a whole mental construct around Africa as an inferior continent. There\u2019s a certain shame and almost a dead weight to carry for people of African descent, as if there were a pressure to be a cultural ambassador of Africa.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parents do not have that shame nor do they carry this burden though, I feel like it is really more of a second-generation thing. In Dioula culture, we literally have a myth in which our people are the kings of the world so this idea of an inferior African people certainly doesn\u2019t exist. However the children of the second generation are caught up between their two cultures. On the one hand, an immigrant culture, proud and self-valuing, but socially devalued. On the other hand, a dominant white culture, stable and omnipresent. We grew up surrounded by overwhelmingly European or Caucasian cinema, music and arts, and Africa was wrongly or underrepresented and thus erased and impoverished in our imagination. We had to find refuges, subterfuges. And at some point we came back to our African roots, we understood that we didn't have to hide, but we know that at some point in our identity journey, each of us carried a certain shame regarding our places and cultures of origin.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: It is interesting to see how the first-generation and second-generation view their African roots differently. Why do we have a sense of shame and responsibility that even our parents don\u2019t have? Does the difference lie in our different relationship with society, since we are always among other peers, whereas it was purely about a job for the parents? Or is it because they have known a glorious Africa, especially those who grew up in the context of fighting for independence?<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M: Unlike us, our parents are confident about their own origins. They know where they came from and how they lived in their home country. It is easier for them to not be bothered by remarks, by that hegemonic speech they\u2019re being served. However for the children, who\u2019ve never actually lived in Africa, it is harder because they do not know this \u201celsewhere\u201d they come from. That homeland they\u2019ve never visited, the language they barely speak creates confusion. This remote land, that they\u2019re allegedly from, is not fully theirs. Therefore, it creates distress because they live in a country that does not accept them but that they know well, whereas in contrast, they don\u2019t really know the country that would cherish them and accept them.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: \u201cFor black people, it was pretty simple. You belonged to the community by the way you spoke and dressed. The African identity was just a fragment of identity for them.\u201d (Abdel Camara)<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M: Indeed, there is a whole African American history of memory and reconnecting with the African continent. Within the African American community, there have been projects to&nbsp; return since the late 18th and beginning of the 19th century. Communities have been celebrating and preserving cultural aspects of a lost African life. So they carry a memory of Africa even though they are deeply rooted in America now, which is a very personal history specific to African Americans.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: I was surprised because I was expecting a greater divide among the Black diaspora. In <\/strong><strong><em>Americanah<\/em><\/strong><strong>, a novel written by <\/strong><strong>Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie<\/strong><strong>, there is a scene in which the narrator and another Black student have an argument, and the narrator doesn\u2019t understand why certain words are taboo to use in the States, and that there is the whole history of civil rights behind it. In that way, I expected a greater difference in experience between Africans and Afro-Americans.<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indeed, there are big differences between African Americans and Africans. In <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Americanah<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the two protagonists don\u2019t share the same history. Nationality but also social class create differences between them. You can see that there have been attempts made by Black immigrants to disassociate from Afro-Americans. Because when you belong to a higher social class, you have no interest in being perceived as African American in the States. Among the post-1965 immigration wave from the mainland, some adopted the strategy of keeping their accent and their&nbsp; distinctive culture. An African bourgeoisie had formed and became more socially successful than the African Americans. However, it turns out that whatever the degree of success of the first generation, the socio-economic indicators were exactly the same for people of African descent and Afro-Americans of the second generation. Moreover, there is now a greater solidarity and fusion between African diasporas. You can see that many people of African descent are in the first line of the BLM movement for instance.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: \u201cThere are two reactions : either you are <\/strong><strong><em>not even<\/em><\/strong><strong> African American, or you are Black but harmless. My complex identity was often unsettling.\u201d (Abdel Camara)<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M: It is true that we are perceived differently than other Black people. As Abdel Camara said, there is this idea that you are inferior to an Afro-American person, reinforcing Africa as a big nothingness. It also enables white people to avoid national tension. They do not have to face History, inequalities and local slavery. Therefore, they are better disposed towards non-African Americans, sometimes creating unequal opportunities: I\u2019ve seen a few university colleagues (myself included ) who have been given&nbsp; teaching positions, which would not have been easily given to an African American. \u201cAt least we can communicate properly with you compared to Black people here, they get offended too easily,\u201d some would say. It causes fractures between communities.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was this rather nationalist movement, called the ADOS (American Descendants Of Slavery) which was almost racist, formed by African Americans who wanted to highlight the differences between them and other Black people who were not ready to carry the burden of their History. But I think that at the end of the day, even though this battle is understandable, the partition between communities won\u2019t be beneficial to anyone. Just think about the Amadou Diallo case: that man, a Guinean immigrant, was killed by the police in 1996 in the Bronx. I doubt it would have changed anything if he had just said that he was not an African American, but only African. He wasn\u2019t killed by mistake but due to ethnic hate.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: The Black man who comes from elsewhere allows the confrontation with one's own history to be avoided.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>It makes me think of how several French media reacted to episodes of police violence in the US, being more \"critical\" towards the American model, and forgetting that exactly the same thing was happening in France.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M: I think it is worse than forgetting, since it was simply not being taken into account. To forget would mean that we were aware and lost sight of it, but there was never that historical consciousness of the active participation of colonial and imperialist France in the transatlantic slave trade, nor in its institutional practices.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalists are being judgmental about the killings in America with the George Floyd case, but do not raise an eyebrow when the exact same situation happens in France. Just like the case of tearing down statues, some people would certainly wonder: 'what does it have to do with this?\u2019 The country is separated between its overseas territories and the Hexagon. As a matter of fact, before the bodies arrive in the Hexagon, it is the products of this context that the Hexagonal French have in mind. Cocoa, tobacco, bananas... For them, it is clear that slavery happened in the US, we know that there were&nbsp; Afro-Americans there since 1619, that they underwent slavery, the Civil War, the implementation of racial segregation, Barack Obama, etc.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whereas in France, no one is aware of it. Yet you only have to turn towards Guyana for an example, to know that France played an integral part in this history.&nbsp; Secondly, there is a long tradition of expatriation of Afro-Americans to Europe and to France in particular. Mostly intellectuals, sportsmen and artists who are&nbsp; very well received.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: \"I was the chair of the Black employees\u2019 network in my former company, where people discuss issues related to being Black. When I evoked it to my colleagues in France, there was a serious cultural shock: \u2018Why would you segregate like that?\u2019&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>It still is a real issue, and I'm not saying it's solved. But if you can't even talk about the problem, we'll never find a solution. In France, everyone is French and that's it. You just have to adapt to the white male.\"<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>In your book, you seem to explain that it was quite a journey for you too, you started talking about the Black issue in the States and in English for the first time, and it was quite a complicated journey to get to talk about it in French and in France.<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is true that there is a real silence constructed around Black identity in France. I first started writing about these issues in America. My book was written in English at first. As a professor, I was invited to several universities where I would read some passages. When I got back to France, my editor wanted me to write it in French. I realised at that moment that I was having a hard time putting it into French, I felt like I was not authorized to talk about these issues in France and in French. So my editor told me&nbsp;to start by writing about why I couldn't speak about it in French. It ended up being the introduction to my book.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In France, people would rather use the English word \u201cblack\u201d instead of saying its equivalent term \u201c<\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">noir<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d. The term \u201cblack\u201d doesn\u2019t designate an African immigrant. Migrants you sometimes see at the margins of the city, or even people who dress in traditional clothes, are called \u201cAfricans\u201d, \u201cmigrants\u201d or \u201crefugees\u201d or even&nbsp; pejorative terms like \u201cmamadou\u201d. Therefore, \u201cblack\u201d refers to a Black person <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from France<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, born in an immigrant family and raised in France, rooted in overseas French territories which have been French since 1848. Thus, beyond nationality issues, racial issues are real in France too. There is no term like in the States to show that there have been Black people in France for a long time.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: After facing so many struggles to say who he is, from linguistic difficulties to the psychological burden that comes with it, Abdel finally returned to Guinea, believing that it would be the end of his mental torment.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For thoseexiled from their country, remains the existential question that all immigrants have in common: when are we going back, will we ever, or in fact, can we go back? Many dream of going back to their home country, and some people actually do. Afterwards, all discrimination&nbsp; that does not fall under the racial charge can be deployed on the grounds of ethnic, religious, and social hierarchy other ways of categorizing human beings unfortunately. I think that there\u2019s a part of the mental burden that vanishes when you get back to your home country, but it can be extended to other areas, religions, ethnicities, social differences. Unfortunately there are a million ways of putting human beings into boxes. But it might actually work, to get rid of that mental burden of race, to relieve some elements. You wouldn\u2019t have to ask yourself if your body or your skin is the reason you are treated a certain way, or why you don\u2019t have access to certain things. You won\u2019t have to try and fit in, to ask yourself if you should style your hair that way, or behave differently in order to not be associated with a race.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><strong>A: Here\u2019s the final question we asked Abdel: Who are you today and who will you be tomorrow ? What about you, Maboula ?<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M: Like Abdel Camara, I define myself as a Black woman, without necessarily taking away all the other layers of my identity. I am muslim, I come from a working class family, I am a woman. By saying I am a Black woman, my aim is to go against this belief and this construct. Let\u2019s not forget that blackness is a category that was&nbsp; created at the same time as whiteness in an inferior-superior relationship. I would say I am Black, even though I did not always present myself as such. It is so important to not hide. Our bodies speak by themselves anyways. 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empathy'.<\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/li>\n        <li>\n        <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\">\n            <div class=\"molongui-display-none\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\n                <div itemprop=\"name\"><\/div>\n                <div itemprop=\"url\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry-title\">\n                <i class=\"m-a-icon-doc\"><\/i>\n                <a class=\"molongui-remove-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/revealing\/abdelaali-el-badaoui-healing-the-pains\/\" itemprop=\"url\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"headline\">Abdelaali El Badaoui, 'healing the pains.'<\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/li>\n        <li>\n        <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry\" itemscope 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itemprop=\"url\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry-title\">\n                <i class=\"m-a-icon-doc\"><\/i>\n                <a class=\"molongui-remove-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/all-identities-combined-s4\/nees-dun-adultere\/\" itemprop=\"url\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"headline\">N\u00e9es d'un adult\u00e8re<\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/li>\n        <li>\n        <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\">\n            <div class=\"molongui-display-none\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\n                <div itemprop=\"name\"><\/div>\n                <div itemprop=\"url\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"m-a-box-related-entry-title\">\n                <i class=\"m-a-icon-doc\"><\/i>\n                <a 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C\u2019est dire s\u2019il sait ce que signifie \u00ab\u00a0\u00eatre noir\u00a0\u00bb dans ce monde.<\/p>\n\t\t<div class=\"more-link-holder\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/all-identities-combined\/the-three-lives-of-abdel-camara\/\">read more <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"><\/i><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5194,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ub_ctt_via":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[76,113],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Illustration-e\u0301pisode-Abdel-e1605899570122.jpeg","author_info":{"display_name":" and Alexia Sena","author_link":"https:\/\/prod-2018.frictions.co\/english\/author\/rmaouche\/?mab_v3=5189"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Guin\u00e9e, \u00c9tats-Unis, France : les trois vies d&#039;Abdel Camara<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Abdel est \u00e0 la fois noir, guin\u00e9en, am\u00e9ricain, bient\u00f4t fran\u00e7ais peut-\u00eatre. 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